Abstract The extraction of iron ore has a fundamental role in the Brazilian economy. However, such activity generates considerable volumes of waste whose disposal, even if regulated and licensed, has a significant environmental impact. The worldwide concern for sustainable practices along with the urgency for measures to mitigate environmental damage, justifies research on its use in other activities. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the test results of laboratory versus field of mixtures composed of mining waste. The field studies were made on the execution of an experimental section on the BR 040 highway, in Minas Gerais - Brazil. According to the validation of the laboratory results, the mixtures composed of 35% Tailings + 15% Waste Rock + 50% Canga of Ore and 35% Tailings + 20% Gravel 1 + 45% Gravel 0 were used in the base and sub-base layers of the experimental section, respectively. The field technological control showed that the mixtures had an anomalous behavior from the one observed in the laboratory, mainly regarding strength and deformability.

ABSTRACT Introduction : Functional changes resulting from the evolution of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are progressive and irreversible, causing increased diaphragm work due to pulmonary hyperinflation and airway obstruction. Phrenic nerves have promoted innervation of the diaphragm and may have been compromised in COPD condition. Objective : To compare the morphology of the phrenic nerves of the cadavers with COPD and without COPD by optical microscopy. Methods : An exploratory descriptive studio conducted on the Death Verification Service in Alagoas. Pulmonary and phrenic nerve biopsies will be bilaterally taken from the 38 cadavers after a necropsy with the diagnosis of COPD. Tissue samples were fixed and processed by conventional histology for hematoxylin-eosin (HE) histological slides. Biopsies are divided into experimental groups, one composed by patients with COPD and the other with patients without COPD (control - CTR). This classification was realized after the histological analysis, when typical halls of COPD were found. Histological slides were analyzed by optical microscopy by a pathologist, who was able to assess the study. Results : According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, if it includes 38 cadavers in the initial evaluation, of which 31 are included in the COPD group and 7 in the CTR group. In the analysis of the phrenic nerves, 8 cadavers, 25.8%, of the COPD group had histopathological changes: perineural edema (75%, n=6), nervous atrophy (12.5%, n=1) and perineural eosinophilic infiltrate (12.5%, n=1). The CTR group does not present histopathological alterations of the phrenic nerves. Conclusions : Given the hallmarks of the biopsies performed on the phrenic nerves of the corpses with COPD, we can infer that there is a tendency for nerve alteration, with perineural edema, to be the major modification found.

RESUMEN Introducción : Los cambios funcionales resultantes de la evolución de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) son progresivos e irreversibles, lo que provoca un aumento del trabajo del diafragma debido a la hiperinflación. Los nervios frénicos promueven la inervación del diafragma y pueden verse comprometidos en la condición de EPOC. Objetivo : Comparar la morfología de los nervios frénicos de los cadáveres con y sin EPOC, mediante microscopía óptica. Métodos : Estudio descriptivo, transversal y comparativo de muestras, tanto de los pulmones como de los nervios frénicos de 38 cadáveres, con diagnóstico de EPOC y sin esta condición. Las muestras de tejido fueron fijadas y procesadas por histología convencional con láminas histológicas de hematoxilina-eosina. Las muestras fueron compuestas por pacientes con EPOC (EPOC) y sin EPOC (CTR). Esta clasificación se realizó después del análisis histológico. Las láminas histológicas se analizaron mediante microscopía óptica por un patólogo, que fue un evaluador ciego al estudio. Resultados : De acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión, se incluyeron 31 cadáveres en el grupo de EPOC y 7 cadáveres en el grupo CTR. En el análisis de los nervios frénicos, 8 cadáveres, es decir 25.8% del grupo de EPOC, tuvieron cambios histopatológicos como edema perineural (75%, n=6), atrofia nerviosa (12.5%, n=1) e infiltrado eosinofílico perineural (12.5%, n=1). Conclusiones : Los nervios frénicos de los cadáveres con EPOC tienen tendencia a alteraciones histopatológicas, siendo el edema perineural la principal modificación encontrada.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the histopathological changes present in the lungs and respiratory muscles (diaphragm and ECOM) of the corpses with a diagnosis of COPD. Methods: This is a blind and descriptive study with analysis of histological images of biopsy. The history of smoking associated with the presence of pulmonary anthracosis, septal thickening and emphysematous bullae included the inclusion criteria of the study. The sample consisted of lung, diaphragm and ECOM biopsies. The study was performed by optical microscopic analysis of histological sheets obtained from 36 bodies with COPD. The histopathological diagnosis was made by a pathologist who did not know the objectives of the study. Results: In the diaphragm, there was the presence of interposed adipose tissue, muscular atrophy, removal of muscle fibers and fibrosis. In ECOM, the elimination of muscle fibers, muscular atrophy, interposed adipose tissue, muscle hypertrophy and thickening of the tendons were also evident. Conclusion: The changes found in the diaphragm and ECOM muscle biopsies of the bodies with COPD were evidenced as a mechanism of compensation and / or dysfunction of the respiratory system due to biomechanical alterations promoted by the disease.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los cambios histopatológicos presentes en los pulmones, diafragma y esternocleidomastoideo en cadáveres con diagnóstico de Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica. Métodos: Este es un estudio ciego y descriptivo con análisis de imágenes histológicas de biopsia. El historial de tabaquismo asociado con la presencia de antracosis pulmonar, engrosamiento septal y bullas enfisematosas comprendió los criterios de inclusión del estudio. La muestra consistió en biopsias de pulmón, diafragma y esternocleidomastoideo. El estudio se realizó mediante análisis microscópico óptico de láminas histológicas obtenidas de 36 cadáveres con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica. El diagnóstico histopatológico fue realizado por un patólogo que desconocía los objetivos del estudio. Resultados: En el diafragma, hubo la presencia de tejido adiposo interpuesto, atrofia muscular, eliminación de las fibras musculares y fibrosis. En el esternocleidomastoideo, también se evidenció la eliminación de las fibras musculares, la atrofia muscular, el tejido adiposo interpuesto, la hipertrofia muscular y el engrosamiento de los tendones. Conclusión: Los cambios encontrados en las biopsias musculares de diafragma y esternocleidomastoideo de los cadáveres con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica se evidenciaron como un mecanismo de compensación y/o disfunción del sistema respiratorio debido a alteraciones biomecánicas promovidas por la enfermedad.

Este artigo aborda a viabilidade técnica do uso de solos locais, preferencialmente os de comportamento geotécnico laterítico, em camadas de reforço do subleito de rodovias vicinais de baixo volume de tráfego, através de ensaios geotécnicos e da classificação MCT (Miniatura, Compactado, Tropical). Para este propósito, consideraram-se amostras deformadas de solos coletadas no subleito das estradas VCS 493 e VCS 296, pertencente à malha rodoviária vicinal do município de Viçosa-MG, Brasil. O programa de estudo de laboratório envolveu a realização dos seguintes ensaios: (i) granulometria conjunta; (ii) limites de Atterberg (LL e LP); (iii) massa específica dos grãos do solo; (iv) compactação e CBR realizados na energia do Proctor normal; (v) compactação Mini-MCV; e (vi) perda de massa do corpo-de-prova por imersão em água. Os resultados desta pesquisa possibilitaram verificar que os solos de comportamento laterítico foram enquadrados no grupo LG' na classificação MCT e que, mesmo apresentando valores de Limite de liquidez e Índice de plasticidade elevados, quando compactados na energia do Proctor normal e, conseqüentemente, imersos em água, não apresentaram expansão com valor significativo no ensaio de CBR. Por outro lado, as areias saprolíticas apresentam perda de massa por imersão (Pi) difícil de ser previsto na Metodologia MCT, pois podem apresentar valores muito elevados e baixos, conforme a compacidade atingida durante o processo de compactação dos corpos-de-prova, como pode ser notado no resultado da amostra 8.

This paper approaches the technical feasibility of using local soils, preferably those of lateritic geotechnical behavior, in subgrade reinforcement layers of low traffic volume vicinal roads through geotechnical testing and MCT methodology (Miniature, Compacted, Tropical). Therefore, disturbed soil samples were collected from the road subgrade VCS 493 and VCS 296 from to the vicinal road net of the city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The laboratory study program included the following trials: (i) grain-size distribution; (ii) Atterberg limits (LL and PL); (iii) specific mass of soil grain; (iv) compaction and CBR carried out in normal Proctor energy; (v) mini-MCV compaction; and (vi) specimen weight loss by water immersion. By using the results from this, it was possible to check if soils presenting lateritic behavior were classified in the LG' group of the MCT methodology, and that they even presenting high values of liquid limit and plasticity index, when compacted in normal Proctor energy and therefore water immersed, they did not present expansion with a significant value in CBR trial. On the other hand, the saprolitic sands presented mass loss by water immersion (Pi) difficult to be predicted through the MCT methodology because they can present very high and low values according to compacteness reached during compaction process, as it can be noted in the result from sample 8.

Este artigo aborda uma contribuição às classificações geotécnicas tradicionais de solos Unified Soil Classification System (USC), Transportation Research Board System (TRB) e a Metodologia Miniatura, Compactado, Tropical (MCT) para um caso aplicado à rodovia municipal não pavimentada VCS 346, no Município de Viçosa, MG, considerando-se várias amostras deformadas de solos coletadas no subleito da referida via. Os principais objetivos deste estudo residem na contribuição de um banco de dados geotécnicos sobre classificações de solos tropicais, bem como na verificação de possíveis agrupamentos entre os sistemas geotécnicos tradicionais de classificação e a metodologia MCT. O programa de laboratório envolveu a realização dos seguintes ensaios: (i) granulometria conjunta; (ii) limites de Atterberg (LL e LP); (iii) massa específica dos grãos do solo; (iv) compactação Mini-MCV; e (v) perda de massa do corpo-de-prova por imersão em água. Os resultados possibilitaram verificar que, após a classificação das amostras, vários agrupamentos entre os sistemas de classificações geotécnicas tradicionais coincidiram com aqueles já apresentados na metodologia MCT e, considerando a pedogênese da região de Viçosa, MG, para o grupo NG', houve a contribuição dos grupos SC, SM e CL do Sistema USC e do grupo A-4 do Sistema TRB.

This paper addresses a contribution to the traditional geotechnical soil classifications systems USC (Unified Soil Classification) and TRB (Transportation Research Board), and the MCT methodology (Miniature, Compacted, Tropical) applied to a case study involving the laboratory geotechnical characterization of disturbed samples from the subgrade of the VCS 346 municipal unpaved road, located in Viçosa - MG. The main goals of this study are to contribute to the formation of a database directed to the geotechnical classification of tropical soils as well as to verify possible groupings among the traditional classification systems and the MCT methodology. The laboratory testing program encompassed: (i) grain-size distribution; (ii) Atterberg limits (LL and PL); (iii) unit weight of solid mater; (iv) mini-MCV compaction; and (v) specimen loss of weight via water immersion. After soil samples classifications, the results of this research supports that several groupings between the traditional geotechnical classifications coincided with those proposed in MCT methodology, and considering the region of Viçosa's pedogenesis, regarding the group NG ' there was an addition of the groups SC, SM and CL from the USC System and of the group A-4 from the TRB System.

Esse artigo é direcionado ao estudo da estabilidade e da resistência à compressão não-confinada (RCNC) de um solo arenoso típico da microrregião de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, quando estabilizado com o resíduo sólido industrial grits e melhorado com a adição de cal, considerando-se as seguintes condições: solo em seu estado natural, estabilizado com grits e estabilizado com grits e melhorado com cal. Primeiramente, determinou-se o teor ótimo de grits calculado em relação ao peso de solo seco com o uso da energia de compactação referente ao ensaio AASHTO modificado no teor ótimo de umidade, compactado dinamicamente, com sete dias de cura em câmara úmida. Posteriormente, partiu-se para o estudo propriamente dito, ou seja, a determinação dos efeitos da cal nos resultados da estabilidade e nos ensaios de resistência à compressão não-confinada dessas misturas. Os resultados indicaram que o emprego da cal soluciona os problemas decorrentes das misturas solo-grits e tem um efeito positivo sobre essas misturas, gerando materiais mais estáveis e resistentes à compressão.

In the city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a resistance study was performed on a typical sandy soil to determine the effects that would occur when it was stabilized with residue industrial waste grits, improved by lime addition, and experienced unconfined compression (RCNC). Three conditions were considered: soil in its natural state, soil stabilized with the industrial waste grits, and soil stabilized with industrial waste grits and improved with lime. The method had two stages. The first determined the optimal grit content calculated by comparing dry soil weight with that obtained by using compaction energy, according to AASHTO standards, and modifying the humidity content. Compaction was dynamically performed, after which, there was a seven-day period of curing in a wet chamber period, which involved . The second analyzed the results for the effects of the lime to the stability and the resistance of the mixtures to unconfimed compression. The results demonstrate that lime addition solves some of the problems occurring in soil-grit mixtures, making the mixture more stable and resistant to compression.

Este artigo é direcionado à caracterização do parâmetro durabilidade de dois solos típicos da microrregião de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, para fins de aplicação em estradas florestais, considerando-se, para tanto, as seguintes condições: (a) solos estabilizados com o resíduo industrial "grits"; (b) solos melhorados com cal ou cimento; e (c) solos estabilizados com grits e melhorados com cal ou cimento, a partir de resultados de ensaios de durabilidade por molhagem e secagem. Trabalhou-se com um solo residual maduro (solo 1) e um solo residual jovem de gnaisse (solo 2) da Zona da Mata Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O programa de ensaios de laboratório envolveu: (a) teor de grits: 24% calculado em relação ao peso de solo seco; (b) teor de cal ou cimento: 10 e 20%, calculados em relação ao peso de grits seco; (c) energias de compactação: referentes aos ensaios Proctor normal e modificado; e (d) período de cura: sete dias em câmara úmida. Os resultados do programa de ensaios indicaram que: (a) as misturas solo-cal, solo-cimento, solo-grits-cal e solo-grits-cimento, em ambas as energias empregadas, resistiram a todos os ciclos do ensaio de durabilidade por molhagem e secagem; (b) a mistura solo 1 + grits + cal apresentou o melhor resultado, quando compactada na energia modificada, com perdas da ordem de 7%; com relação ao solo 2, o melhor resultado foi obtido quando se trabalhou com grits mais cimento, na energia modificada, com perdas da ordem de 9%; e (c) sob o aspecto durabilidade, as misturas solo-grits só apresentam potencial para emprego como material de construção rodoviária quando melhoradas com cal ou cimento.

This paper addresses the assessment of the durability properties of mixtures of two soils using laboratory wetting and drying durability tests for forest road applications, as follows: (a) soils stabilization with the industrial waste grits; (b) soil improvement using lime or cement; (c) soil stabilization using grits, and soil mixture improvement using lime or cement. A mature and a young residual soil from the Zona da Mata Norte of Minas Gerais were used throughout the study. The laboratory testing program comprised the following steps: (a) grits content of 24 % in relation to soil dry mass; (ii) lime or cement contents of 10 % and 20 % in relation to grits dry mass; (c) specimens compacted at the standard and modified Proctor effort; (d) mixture specimens curing time of seven days in acclimatized room. The testing program data supported that: (a) the soil -lime, soil-cement, soil-grits-lime and soil-grits-cement mixtures endured all cycles in the durability test; (b) the mixtures of soil 1, grits and lime compacted at the modified Proctor effort presented the best mechanical response in the durability tests, showing losses of approximately 7 %; regarding soil 2 mixtures, the best result was related to the grits and cement mixtures compacted at the modified Proctor effort, showing losses of approximately 9 %; (c) as for durability standard requirements, the mixtures of soil-grits presented potential for road engineering applications only in association with lime or cement.